The name "bivalve" is derived from the Latin bis, meaning "two", and valvae, meaning "leaves of a door". More recently, the class was known as Pelecypoda, meaning " axe-foot" (based on the shape of the foot of the animal when extended). The taxonomic term Bivalvia was first used by Linnaeus in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae in 1758 to refer to animals having shells composed of two valves. 12.4 Taxonomy based upon gill morphology.12.3 Taxonomy based upon hinge tooth morphology.The freshwater bivalves include seven families, the largest of which are the Unionidae, with about 700 species. The largest recent marine families are the Veneridae, with more than 680 species and the Tellinidae and Lucinidae, each with over 500 species. Marine bivalves (including brackish water and estuarine species) represent about 8,000 species, combined in four subclasses and 99 families with 1,100 genera. These species are placed within 1,260 genera and 106 families. The total number of known living species is about 9,200. Bivalves have also been used in the biocontrol of pollution.īivalves appear in the fossil record first in the early Cambrian more than 500 million years ago. The shells of bivalves are used in craftwork, and the manufacture of jewellery and buttons. Pearl oysters (the common name of two very different families in salt water and fresh water) are the most common source of natural pearls. A better understanding of the potential hazards of eating raw or undercooked shellfish has led to improved storage and processing. Modern knowledge of molluscan reproductive cycles has led to the development of hatcheries and new culture techniques. Oysters were cultured in ponds by the Romans, and mariculture has more recently become an important source of bivalves for food. Adult shell sizes of bivalves vary from fractions of a millimetre to over a metre in length, but the majority of species do not exceed 10 cm (4 in).īivalves have long been a part of the diet of coastal and riparian human populations. The shell is typically bilaterally symmetrical, with the hinge lying in the sagittal plane. This arrangement allows the shell to be opened and closed without the two halves detaching.
These are joined together along one edge (the hinge line) by a flexible ligament that, usually in conjunction with interlocking "teeth" on each of the valves, forms the hinge. The shell of a bivalve is composed of calcium carbonate, and consists of two, usually similar, parts called valves. The shipworms bore into wood, clay, or stone and live inside these substances. Some bivalves, such as the scallops and file shells, can swim. Others lie on the sea floor or attach themselves to rocks or other hard surfaces. Most bivalves bury themselves in sediment, where they are relatively safe from predation. The gills have evolved into ctenidia, specialised organs for feeding and breathing. They include the clams, oysters, cockles, mussels, scallops, and numerous other families that live in saltwater, as well as a number of families that live in freshwater. As a group, bivalves have no head and they lack some usual molluscan organs, like the radula and the odontophore. Bivalvia ( / b aɪ ˈ v æ l v i ə/), in previous centuries referred to as the Lamellibranchiata and Pelecypoda, is a class of marine and freshwater molluscs that have laterally compressed bodies enclosed by a shell consisting of two hinged parts.
0 kommentar(er)
